Beginner Skiers Second Lesson Notes and Tips

SFS    FAST Slow Slow to Stop

Beginner skiers must learn to control speed, to stop and to turn.  This requires you to make your skis slide sideways to the direction that you are going.  You sort of scrape the snow with the edges of your skis. The harder you scrape by increasing the angle the slower you go.  If you scrape hard enough, you will stop. This is shown in the sketch to the left, Fast Slow and Slow to Stop.  Your first 2 lessons using my method are all about this scraping process.
  
The next picture shows me in the stop position.  Legs apart and almost straight, tip of skis close but not touching. Ski back ends spread wide. Me bent forward at the waist and arms wide.  Poles dragging.  A beginners stance for maximum scraping effect.

Beginners Stance

The last pictures show the effect or pattern in fresh snow of going fast and slow.  Where the pattern is narrow I was picking up speed, less scraping effect; and slowing down where the pattern is wide, more scraping effect.  You can see this in motion by clicking on the Free ski lessons video.  

Slow Fast Slow 

Tip:  The first few lessons are performed in slower motion, about walking speed.  The closer you can come to a stop without stopping will give you a measure of your skill development. The theory is that it is best  to learn first how to do a particular move and the necessary skills slowly and well, before you apply any speed.

Notes:  For a beginner to stop on a beginner hill the legs must be pushed as far apart as possible.  If you can't stop then using this method, then the hill is too steep for a beginner or you may be bowlegged like me. In order to get the maximum ability to stop it is necessary to have at least one ski at 90 degrees to the direction you are travelling, lesson 3. 

Eventually when you have finished the six lessons and can ski parallel with some confidence then try stopping with both feet side by side, a so called hockey stop. Stopping with two feet is by far the best way to stop and takes the least amount of effort and energy

Good News, Video and Trip

East Glacier Park, Montana, 2 days from home.

      In my last post in the spring, I promised a video of my lessons.  Andreas Ruttkiewicz, my collaborator in this venture, finished tuning the final cut and so it is now Public on YouTube.  I am really pleased with his work. For fun, he added my bloopers.  Here is the link Video: Learn to Ski, AlanR Method . The site is a work-in-progress and fine tuning will continue.  
My process for learning how to  ski is now complete. You can see and try each lesson.  You can reinforce each lesson by reading the manual for details. You can reinforce what you learn in the lessons by reading and understanding the third section of the manual. In this last section, you can find the answers to many of the Why questions.
There are some differences between the manual and the video which I will edit over the next year.  I like the part in the first lesson on mobility.  For going around in a circle, I show how to push out with your heel in order to turn your skis.  This is a fundamental move which includes 4 of the basic skills and is repeated often in different forms in the following lessons.  In lesson 3, you continue the first portion of alternate stopping but instead of stopping you just slow down to almost a stop and then continue with the next partial stop. I forgot to video this last portion of lesson 3. We will work on it.  
I know the current trend is to let the student try and explore and to learn by experience.  But I am old school in that I believe that skiing is potentially a dangerous sport and some basics should be learned before any attempt at open-field skiing.  I also believe in introducing the 5 most important skills in the very first session.  People stall out at the intermediate stage because some of the skills were not emphasized.  Pivoting is a good example.  
My trip home was wet for a couple of days. But Ontario to BC in 8 days, on a large scooter and camping along the way, is not bad ( 4400 km). The next day after the above picture was taken, it rained for 2 hours in the morning, going from Troy, Montana to Osoyoos, BC. The last day through the mountains of southern BC was spectacular. 

Taking a Break

Late Spring Morning in the Mountains

The season has ended and time to give skiing a break.  
The season ended well for me with two highlights.
One, Andreas Ruttkiewicz, a cohort in VISAS, offered to video my lessons.  It turned out that he became my mentor, director, story board creator, camera man, and editor.  We did some preliminary takes one afternoon to find out what we needed to make it work.  Then we spent a day doing the video.  Andreas, who has an Ultralight Flight School, is putting together the final video in his  precious spare time. I am waiting on pins and needles for the result.  If all goes well we should publish in plenty of time for the new season. Who knows? It may be on YouTube for those down under this winter season, July?
And the other highlight involved a mother and her  two kids, boy about 8, and girl 10.  The mom I found, just starting down the beginner hill, fallen on the snow and two snowboarders trying to help her up. It was a cluster problem, so I swooped down and offered to help.  The two kids were in a similar situation just further down the hill.  
Because I love the opportunity to teach, I offered them a lesson and was accepted.  They had arrived too late for Snow School lessons and thought that they could muddle through on their own, being good hockey players. My progression took 2 hours and by the end, they were racing down the cat track at full speed under complete control.  The girl is a natural athlete who did everything I showed her perfectly first time. The boy was a little awkward, trying to make the skis act like his hockey skates.  He fell a few times but once he learned how to get up he just popped up.  The mom was happy because this saved their Spring break holiday.  As I have mentioned before, hockey  players are the easiest to teach and it is still true.
For me it was another great, enjoyable, feel-good situation.
My skiing related goals for the summer are to publish the video and make some minor manual revisions. Like in the manual, re-arranging lesson one and putting the alpine instead of the cross country skiing code, etc.
Anyway, have a good summer, keep in shape. I'll contact again in the fall. 
AlanR.

One Thought At a Time

It can be lonely on a foggy day.

I was reminded by Andreas, a fellow skier, that, as a ski instructor, one should give the student just one thought at a time.  So in my manual lessons, you could filter out the details and background information (often the whys of doing) to concentrate on the primary thought.  For example, in the first lesson, the primary thought is feeling your feet. This should be top of mind in the rest of the lesson, making a wedge, getting mobile on the flats, learning how to snowplow-stop and slow fast slow. 

Making a wedge requires more pressure on the heel in order to make the back of the ski spread the snow like a fan shape.  Similarly when turning during the mobility exercise you push with your heel to turn.  During the snowplow, to stop, you must press on your heel in order to push your heel wide enough to stop.  To go fast and slow and fast, you must modulate from low pressure to higher pressure and then low pressure repeatedly. This control of extra pressure on the heel is how you control your speed, the amount you turn and how you stop. All of this requires awareness of your feet. 

The third lesson is about the start of the turn, where pressure is concentrated on the toe pad. While skiing, your pressure is constantly changing from toe to heel. 

Leaning to Ski is not Rocket Science

 Basically, skiing is about turning and stopping.  When I learned to ski the first time, there were only wooden skis and the way you turned was either a semi snowplow or a telemark turn. No such thing as steel edges or parabolic shapes. The first big improvement was the addition of steel edges which greatly increased the number of days you could ski. The skill of edging became important and skiing became easier. Over the years our skiing techniques changed mostly as a result of ski equipment improvement. It has always been a challenge to explore and adapt to these changes.  The most significant change recently for recreational skiing has been the parabolic shaped ski. All of a sudden this invention changed the time it takes to learning how to ski from weeks and year to a few hour and days.  Unfortunately, some of the teaching methods are still catching up.
My frustration as a ski instructor was that we are still teaching skiing the way we did 30 years ago. But I couldn't find a better way out until I finally discovered, that the transition from one turn to the next is the most important part of skiing.  It is the end of one turn and the start of the next, and this is where I started.  
My first attempt at a manual was really a collection of notes, about 150 pages. Much too long and disjointed.  I knew that I had all the information and parts but I needed to find the basics of moves and skills.  Mike McPeek  first showed me a rough sketch of the diagram above which I believe is a snapshot of the important first skills to learn and their relationship. If you examine my lessons closely you will see a trend. If you examine even further the lessons mirror the transition between turns. 
There is a progression. The first lesson starts from the outside ring and move directly into very rudimentary core of control skills and blending.   The subsequent lessons then concentrate on embellishing and finessing these skill and are arranged in a sequence of increasing difficulty.  
I'm continuously testing my method to find ways of improving or vindicating that my process is valid.
 Last week I saw a beginner give a most spectacular display of athletics, arms and legs all moving in different directions. What I  really saw was great balance and determination.  I couldn't resist and offered my services. Within 2 hours he was parallel skiing.  When that happens I think I am the most spectacular instructor but in reality it is the student that makes the difference.  In this case the student was a boarder, an quick learner and as I said has great balance and determination.   It is not rocket science.

Balance is the primary skill in skiing.

Pressure scale

Balancing on your toes and heels

Balance is the primary skill in skiing.

I took these sketches from my manual , as this is a good place to start the season. 
When on the hill, an instructor will tell you to have a good centered stance. Translated, this is shown as Neutral in the above left diagram with your weight spread equally on all 4 pressure points on your feet.
The purpose of the exercise here is to feel your weight change concentrated on these pressure points. 
You can practice the following on a hard surface in your bare feet or anywhere else with your shoes on. 

• It is best to first spread your feet apart until you feel pressure only on the pressure points of both feet shown in the diagram. 
• Then move your weight front to back, left to right on both feet, balancing on your toe and heels to feel the pressure change on 2 pressure points at a time.  
• Finally, apply full weight on each of the 4 pressure points. Note how you have to shape your body to make this happen.
• Experiment a bit with your arms out, at your sides and forward; they make a big difference.

You will only be applying pressure one foot at a time; the other foot is used for balance. Balancing is finessing where you shift your body, arms and legs, to apply pressure to your feet.  

Later, when on the snow in your skis and boots, repeat the above with the tops of your boots loose, both standing still and moving.  Boots are different from bare feet and shoes because it is possible to push on the tongue when putting pressure on the toe and on the boot back when applying pressure on the heel.  For a centered stance there should be almost  no pressing on the tongue or boot back. Your body position should be bent at the waist, both forward and to the sides.

When skiing, this exercise is equivalent to what you  feel when tilting your knees in the direction you wish to go. In order to turn quickly and efficiently, you start the turn on your toe pad and finish the turn on your heel. This is a much better method than trying to rotate your skis with your leg. It is called steering and takes a little practice. Maybe a season?  
Balance is the primary skill in skiing. This is just the start.

AlanR. 

More Than You Want To Know About Skis

 During the past summer I received some pamphlets from Elan about their new shape of skis. The top surface on the back half of the ski is concave and on the front half is convex.  From an engineering point of view I am not sure what these shapes can do better than a standard rectangle cross section.  Elan was one of the first skis with the parabolic shaped sides that changed the way we ski and made turning skis much easier.  So when they bring out a new idea it is worth taking a look at.  My wave skis from Elan, that I like a lot, baffles me because I can’t see what the wavy surface does. 

When laminate skis first came out many years ago all the engineering test data was given in the ads.  For a mechanical engineer this was wonderful stuff.  Pictures of the ski cross section showed all the laminated layers.  Diagrams showed the bending characteristic and some show the dynamic behavior.  You could compare skis just by looking at the data.  Unfortunately this added information confused more than helped and this practice of telling you what you were buying died out. 

Ski manufacturers now have many options in terms of material and ski shape. The odds are good that you can find skis that you will like.  The trend over the last few year is less camber.

 What is the effect of low camber or rocker? It effectively shortens the ski contact edge on the snow.  This causes a sort of barrel stave shape in the snow.  If you work it right there is enough stiffness under the foot so that you can still have enough edge for grip on ice. My guess is that a low soft camber gives you less fore and aft stability and a slower ski. My impression is that low cambered ski is like a shortie ski with higher flotation characteristics. It can also be super fast turning.  I saw a kid last year just standing line, counter rotating his skis.  Normally this is almost impossible on cambered skis.

Skis with camber when laying on a flat surface will have some space under the bindings.    When you step into a ski with camber it will flatten out and look like it has no camber. What happens depends on the ski stiffness along the length front and back from the boot and bindings.  When loaded my Elans,  appear to be stiffer in the front and parabolic in shape, while the back seem to be softer and circular in shape .  The snow in turn is loaded heavily under the foot tapering off gradually towards the tip and tail. You can see the short flat sections in front of toe and heel pieces and the softer ends.

First you should know that changing the thickness of the ski a little bit can make the ski either very stiff or very soft.  The math equation included the thickness T cubed (T³). This applies to the also the high strength material on the top and the bottom of the ski.  By changing the thicknesses and material along the length, a ski can be made to flex and twist to any requirement.

Normally I ski on 165 to 170 cm skis but last year I used some 150 cm skis donated to the Disabled Club. I was surprised how well they worked even in deep snow.  

My thoughts are when buying a ski try several different makes.  When you find one you like then try a size shorter and a size longer to get the best characteristic for you.

Last Post Until October 2015

Road Trip Vehicle and Passenger 

The snow left Mt Washington BC around the middle of February but I had 3  great days at Big White in March.  So I am running out of steam and other interests are taking over.
In my blog I have highlighted parts of my manual with backup information that didn't make the cut but which I feel is necessary for developing a skier's basic skills.  I will continue in this vein in the fall, as there are still some more issues and skills to discuss. 
I would like to leave you with a few thoughts.  One is to consider how you critique your own performance?
My solution is to  go back to the first lessons and check how well I perform the various exercises and moves.  Any that are not performed well need some work.  Pivoting or counter rotation is not usually taught as important to beginners but I believe it is.  Getting use to having your skis cross under you  by steering is one of the most important moves as it is the start of every turn. If you counter rotate well, your skiing will be easier and more enjoyable .  
Next you may try several ways of performing the dynamic transition, the start of the turn, Phase 1.  There are 3 ways with one having 3 variations.  I played with these for a season to see which worked the best for me.  My lessons are mostly a build up to this point because the dynamic transition was pivotal to my skiing.  I have never skied better since working through this exercise.
So here is the list for different ways to make your skis cross quickly from one side of your body to the other for all different types of turn.  Assume starting a turn to the right. Your legs must go from your right side to the left.

1. Turn your hip quickly counter clockwise. 
2. Knock your right knee quickly against your left.
3. Steer your right ski quickly up hill to the left: 

• Using pressure on your toe 
• Pressure on your instep 
• Pressure on your heel

 These alternatives all work.  Which is the best for you?

My thoughts are now on other things, Arthritis remedial method, Planing Cat design, Fly Wheels, Best car performance criteria, Product design process, Road trip to Ontario, etc.

Have a good summer.

Skiers Weight

Intuitively you know that something changes as the hill get steeper.  You know that the force of gravity pulling you down the hill is greater but you may not know that your weight is also changing.  The sketch to the left shows with arrows the direction of the various forces of a skier going straight down a 28.5 degree slope.  The vertical arrow is the skier's weight plus equipment on level ground caused by gravity.  This is the weight that is divided up into two other forces, one that pulls you down the hill and the other that holds you on the ground.  You will notice that the one force f1 pulling the skier down hill is in the same direction that the skier is moving and the other f2 is at 90 degrees or perpendicular to the skier's direction. 
On the sketch I have drawn an orange triangle, using arrows superimposed on two of the directional arrows, fw and f2. There is a third arrow using a doted line for f1.  On my original drawing fw is drawn to scale at 2 inches representing me and my skis, boots poles, clothes etc. at 200 pounds.  I am being kind to myself.  The other 2 arrows are drawn both parallel and perpendicular to the hill slope.  F2 starts at the top end of fw and f1 ends at the bottom of f1. Their lengths represent the force pulling me down this hill, f1, and how much I weigh if I could put a scale under my feet.  F2 measured 1.77 inches, the equivalent force of 177 pound, my weight that I will feel on such a slope. The other f1, 0.99 inches or 99 pounds is the force pulling me down the hill.  If you tied a rope around me and tried to hold me still, that's the force you would have to exert to hold me stopped.  Rough estimates.
One rule is that your weight_plus due to gravity, fw is always straight down and the same value. The second rule is that the other two forces change with the slope(always following the rule of parallel and perpendicular to the slope).  The little triangle changes shape due to the change of slope.  The triangle can rotate around the top end of the fw.  As the slope flattens out f1 gets less  and f2 gets longer and approaches your full weight fw  .  And visa versa.
This is a static picture but the dynamics are different when you are moving and change direction or stoping. Acceleration in its many forms kicks in in its many forms and messes up the whole picture.  
Going down a steep hill is a quick way to loose weight for a very short time.
If you are  handy with a scientific calculator, f1=fw x sin(28.5) and f2 = fw cos(28.5).  You can substitute your own weight values and slope angles.  At 45 degrees slope, f1 and f2 are the same, fw x 0.707    .  (I know f1, f2 and fw are vectors.)